Interstate 70 split apart Hanford Village, a formerly independent Black neighborhood. White and affluent areas such as Bexley were left untouched. These included the Near East Side, Milo-Grogan, Linden, and Flytown, the latter of which was completely demolished. Redlined areas were targeted – minority and poor neighborhoods. Interstates 670, 70, and 71 were built in and around Columbus. In the 1960s, the Interstate Highway System was built, including through Columbus. Interstate 71, one of several highways constructed in redlined neighborhoods A 2018 study by the National Community Reinvestment Coalition found that the redlined areas continue to suffer, more than the national average for historically redlined neighborhoods. Areas with immigrants and African Americans were redlined in Columbus, despite several being middle-class or wealthy areas. The maps used a practice known as redlining – discriminating on personal and business loans in neighborhoods on the basis of race and income. city to define areas that are safe to give out loans to, as well as areas of higher risk. The federal agency was tasked with creating maps for every major U.S. In 1936, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation created a "residential security" map of Columbus. The practice continued on in Upper Arlington into the 1970s, and some of the racist language has remained, albeit unenforceable, in Ohio deeds into 2021 a law passed that year allowed for easy removal during property transfers.
The Fair Housing Act, passed in 1968, further outlawed them. Kraemer, found these clauses to be unconstitutional. In the early 20th century, racial discrimination was added into deeds, with 67 percent of all Central Ohio subdivisions found to have exclusionary covenants against people of color during a period from 1921 to 1935. 17th St.) and the Hawkins Tourist Home (at 70 N. Clair, the Cooper Tourist Home (at 259 N. Of these buildings, only four survive: the Macon Hotel, the Hotel St. The Negro Motorist Green Book, published from 1936 to 1966, documented sites across the United States that were safe for African Americans to visit, and about 22 were listed in Columbus. Throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, African Americans were barred from lodging in many popular hotels, and from visiting many popular restaurants and entertainment venues. Clair, a Green Book-listed hotel in Columbus This political activity would peter out in the 20th century as opposition and resistance began to solidify.
Jones, meanwhile, held a seat in Columbus's Board of Education. Reverend James Preston Poindexter became the first of less than a dozen African Americans to join the Columbus City Council after his election in 1881.
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It is not so much a rabid feeling of prejudice against the negroes simply because their skin is black as it is a bitter hatred for them." Īmid escalating tensions, African Americans were appearing in numerous positions of power within Columbus. In all my travels in the state, I found nothing just like it. Resistance to these changes formed a tangible ire as noted by Frank Uriah Quillin, who wrote in his 1913 book The Color Line in Ohio: A History of Race Prejudice in a Typical Northern State: "Columbus, the capital of Ohio, has a feeling toward the negroes all its own. The immediate result was an increased presence of African Americans in economic, social, and political spaces once secured by whites. Each amendment reduced the power of the states and jeopardized then-contemporary racial relations through federal pressure. The subsequent 15th Amendment established further liberties for a variety of families by preventing the denial or removal of voting rights on the account of race.
This autonomy was expanded with the passage of the 14th Amendment, which granted and protected the citizenship of black families on a federal level. The passing of the 13th Amendment granted many a level of autonomy previously not afforded. Sociopolitical changes such as the dismantling of slavery and increased civil power presented black families already within Ohio a plethora of new rights. Ī variety of occurrences between 1865 and the early 1900s contributed to the changing population of Columbus and the subsequent degradation of racial attitudes. However, as the Great Migration started to gain traction, the city's racial makeup was significantly affected, and white attitudes soured toward other races. These families became relatively integrated into Columbus's population. The Civil War prompted the move of black families from the South to northern cities, including Columbus. The 1936 redlining map of the city ( interactive version)Ĭolumbus, Ohio was established with a significant white population.
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